In May 2023 justice finally caught up with one of the last major fugitives, former Police chief Fulgence Kayishema, who had been sought by the UN Mechanism in South Africa. However, Kayishema, his lawyers and an inept and politically-dubious Cape Town legal system have so far blocked justice and one year on the accused has still to be transferred to the Mechanism to face trial accused of killing thousands of Tutsis in 1994.

Jean-Pierre Karangwa, accused by witnesses of complicity in the killings of 30,000 Tutsi, has escaped extradition to Rwanda to face justice. The Netherlands turned down the appeal for him to be sent back to Rwanda to face trial – the question now is whether it will put him on trial for his horrific alleged crimes in their national Court. After 25 years of impunity in the country the justice clock is ticking…

Protais Zigiranyirazo, ‘Monsieur Z’ – the former prefect of Ruhengeri, and the man behind the ‘Zero Network’ died in Niamey, Niger on 3 August 2025. Seen as a lynchpin of Akazu, the mafia-like parallel network that ran Rwanda as their own private fiefdom in the years 1973-94, his life story is a tale of the search for personal greed and power whatever the cost to humanity.